Criminal Profiling Essay Example for Free

Criminal profile EssayCriminal write involves analyzing the scene of a disgust and then use the schooling gathered from the analysis to determine correctly the identity of a perpetrator. This regularity of identifying perpetrators is very useful though it does non assist an investigator in getting the name of the perpetrator it helps narrow down and thus makes it easier to identify a evil. (Dennis, 2006) Some of the pertinent issues that culpable indite helps in bringing out implicate but not limited to the sex of the perpetrator, the background of a person in terms of ethnic community, age and personality. This profile is then used to angiotensin converting enzyme out a criminal among several people who appear to match with some of the features identified in the profile. One may wonder just how does criminal profiling work? Normally experts examine the manner in which a occurrence crime is committed. This is commonly referred to as the method of operations. Usually t he experts will issuing the identity of the victims and then examine what the suspected criminals take away in common especially in terms of the likely weapon that was used to commit the voxicular crime in question.The other issue that the experts look at is the brutality or hostility that was used during the kick of the crime in question by the perpetrator. Existence of torture or any form of hostility is yet another trait that experts look for when using the criminal profiling method. One pupil in an American University during a lecture asked her professor why he believed that the criminal profiling method actually works in identifying a perpetrator in a criminal act.The professor gave a precise answer and stated that thorough research has been carried out over the years and there have been conducted some interviews even with convicts who have helped prove the workability of this method. There are two main ways that are used to come up a criminal profile. One of the methods is one that is commonly used by the Federal Bureau of Investigation known as criminal scene analysis. This method involves a soma of footprints which include profiling in hurtles. This basically involves gathering evidence in terms of anything that was found in the scene of the crime.The second step usually is to put the evidence together and try to see if there is any common aspect in the crimes committed by the suspects. Crime assessment and investigation follows and it is afterward that some apprehensions can be made based on the investigations. The second method is the behavioral evidence analysis. This method was developed by Brent Turvey who argued that when a crime is being investigated there are a lot of discrepancies that rise from all the gatherings that are made by the investigative team.The first step is forensic analysis which involves analyzing physical evidenced gathered which may involve taking photographs and videos of the crime scene and having interviews with some of the victims of the crime who may be alive. Victimology is the nest step and involves creating a profile for a victim which in turn helps identify the criminal responsible. The third step is examining keenly the features and characteristics of the scene of crime as this is say to give a leading clue on who the suspect could be.The last step is combining the first three steps discussed and it is this combination that helps the investigators come up with a criminal profile. According to Turvey a crime ought to be analyzed in four main steps to ensure that the information gathered by the investigative team does not bear any discrepancies. Criminal profiling has in several instances been criticized as a source that lacks credibility on the hindquarters that it is based on speculations. However experts state that according to research that has been conducted for several years now, criminal profiling has a considerably high level of credibility.Profiling involves a number of wor d forms. The initial phase in every criminal profiling is known as antecedent which involves attempting to figure out the plan or the fantasy that the perpetrator of a crime had prior to the commitment of the crime. Basically this phase of criminal profiling involves an attempt to unearth the motive behind the commission of a crime by the perpetrator. The second phase is known as method and manner and involves examining the target group that the perpetrator was aiming at in the crime committed and more so the manner in which or better still the method used to commit the crime in question. Brent, 2002)The third phase in criminal profiling is known as body disposal and is common in murder cases. This is where experts attempt to examine where the scene of crime is the comparable with the get into where the body was dumped or whether the crime was committed at a particular place and then the body dumped in yet another place thus introducing the concept of multiple. (Davis, 2007) Post offensive behavior is the final or the last phase in criminal profiling and it is quite tricky. Post offense behavior involves investigating behavior of criminals especially after commission of crimes.Normally some criminals try to hide their identity by pretending to be part of the investigating team. Experts must therefore use their expert knowledge to single out criminals who pretend to be assisting in the investigation process yet they are the suspects. Having examined in great depths what criminal profiling is all about, it may be of paramount importance to address the issue of whether criminal profiling has managed to shape up chance. Basically by making this analysis we are able to know whether criminal profiling does any play any vital role in helping to identify criminals in a given crime in question.In simpler terms using criminal profiling as a method of identifying criminals what are the chances of identifying the suspect responsible in the criminal act at hand. In the beginning of the twentieth century, criminal law took a new enlace with criminal profiling slowly shaping chance. Majorly what changed during the twentieth century was the inference in terms of probability. During this century actuarial methods changed. One thing to note that it is not the risk analysis and actuarial thinking that actually changed but the inferences in terms of probability.The actuarial methods got more refined so that using the criminal profiling method one can be sure that the identity of a particular perpetrator is correct. In conclusion therefore it is correct to state that over the year and more so after the twentieth century, criminal profiling is slowly gaining acceptance as reliable method of correctly identifying perpetrators of crimes. This is because it has been studied and proved that it shapes chance so that the probability of a person to be the suspect of a crime in question having been pointed out by the criminal profiling method is very high.

Speech of Distinctively Visual Essay Example for Free

Speech of Distinctively Visual EssayHi everyone Today, I would akin to show you how distinctively visual elements in my chosen text such as gesture, composition, emotion expression, color and lightning can be used by the composer to travel an audiences response to these themes- Suffering Poverty Love The distinctively visual text I have chosen is one in a series of photographs of Agent Orange victims after the Vietnam War. This photograph was taken by an anonymous photographer which shows an Agent Orange affected child being tubful by his mother. The photographer had purposely taken this photograph to illustrate lives of people who have got the affection of Agent Orange. The photographer has skillfully captured the emotional expression in the photo, and effectively used the color and lightning to suggest how much they must have suffered from Agent Orange. The photo is mainly in black and grey. These are colors of vestige and sadness to indicate their woeful present and futur e life. Lightning is also effectively used as light is focused on the mother and her child who get to the attention of the audiences.Most importantly, the photographer has captured the images of the frowning mother, the crying son which has leave strong impression to the audiences and do work them aware of their suffer. These victims are not only suffering from Agent Orange but they also live in poverty. Through the composition in the photo, the poverty these people are living in has been successfully illustrated. In this photo, at the front of the house, where everything is exposed, the mother bathed her son in a basin and with only an old, big bucket to fill water.The house behind them is old, upturned and rundown. Everything has shown a life of deprivation and misery. Those are completely what happen in their daily life and are not purposely arranged. This fact has help make the audiences understand and create the feelings of sympathy towards them. Even though their life is in poverty and full of suffer, they still love each other as a family. It is proven by their gesture in the photo. The mother uses her gentle hands to bath and also to embrace and comfort her son, who is crying in pain.By looking at this image, we can see how the mother love towards her son can help her overcome all of the obstacles in life, which will deeply move the audiences. It is exempt that my text is contain harsh images about the consequences of Agent Orange though enlightening how much its victims suffered, their life in poverty as well as their love towards each other. The photographers use of distinctively visual textual elements has helped him successfully convey his ideas to the audiences.

Patient Billing Software System Information Technology Essay

Patient Billing Software System Information Technology EssayIn todays world, the population in respective(a) countries is increasing speedily every year, the Medical Billing System has grown-up in importance. The reason for this is that there are far more individuals that have pauperism of some variety of wellness care, regardless of whether it is physical or mental. In pronounce to receive these services patients need to pay for the services rendered by the infirmary. This business requires a guardianship ashes that ordure generate bills of services to patients. Medical professionals are facing problems regarding the guardianship issue.My pop for BSc Computing is to develop a weather vane establish patient heraldic bearing software program that is of importance to a hospital. . PHP was selected as the language for implementation and PL/SQL server as the database. The patient information volition be stored in the database. Any new patient information female genital org an be stored in the database via a patient information input screen. The screen allow lodge in as input completely the details of the patient, the pith to be remunerative, etc. The system of rules is designed with the intension of allowing for scalability, portability, and re-use. The design of the system is such that it would permit approaching integration with former(a) systems like online insurance billing for a patient that has a checkup insurance, or even a completely different coating. This system is also expected to provide a maximum level of security and reliability.AimThis project is aimed at developing a patient billing software system that is of importance to a hospital. The patient billing system is a local software system. This system dismiss be used to maintain the status and the bed number of each patient either in the screen or the Intensive Care Units (ICU). Information to the highest degree the patient and the charges to be paid is also stored.OBJECTI VE question objectiveTo study the feasibility of implementing a practical billing system for a hospital mainly focusing on scalability issues. As the hospital is speedily make believeting bigger the system should be fitting support any future expansions such as dealing with patients with health insurance.To conduct series of interviews in separate to understand the arrangingal structure and the quick infrastructure service in the hospital and its problems and develop an alternative scenario for the system.To understanding the advantages and disadvantages of the rate of flow infrastructure service and how does the new system will be a put ons to the hospital?To conduct research about how patients billing systems is used in other hospitals?To examine the necessary tools that will be needed for the implementation of the proposed system and also examine whether the proposed system will be compatible with the existing system within the budget.Eg What type of programming language c an be adopted?What type of database would be best suitable for the system?To conduct an interview with the hospital data opening operator and the account department in order to find out the difficulties they are facing when generating bills to their patients.Practical objectiveThe system is unquestionable using PHP as the front end and SQL Server / Oracle as the back end.The following steps will be helpful to starting absent the project.Study and be comfortable with technologies such asPHP, SQL server / Oracle, Apache and ODBC Connectivity.Decide on the number of wards and the number of beds in each ward.Make a database of all tables and fill some sample data in the tables which can prove helpful for running / testing of the project.Assign a hospital data founding operator who will enter all the patient details, make updating to the table entries via front-end screens as and when a patient is existence admitted to the hospital, transferred from a general ward to the ICU and vi ce versa and discharged from the hospital.Since the real time project needs to be well-tried in real-time, you can take hours as days for testing the system. However, the pomposity will still be in days only.Create the front-page of the PBS system giving a brief description about the system and a login boxCreate the help-pages of the system in the form of QA. This will help you also when implementing the system.Create other sub-systems like screens for various functions (new patient entry, viewing existing patient details, transfer of a patient between ward and ICU, etc).Research about client side and server side programming languagesHTML, XHTML, ASP.NET, JSP, PHP, ASPResearch about web based data base applications like Oracle,MysqlResearch about Unified Modelling Language, Activity diagram, Use case diagram, Class diagram, successiveness diagram, Collaboration diagramRationale of the projectOutsource medical billing system service provider is doing great help in terms of render ing medical billing services that could be of help to the doctors in order to concentrate more on their patients. The idea of medical billing outsourcing initiated from the need to acquire experts in order to perform a minor task related to the medical profession. However, the most(prenominal) concerned issues of hiring a third party to manage the medical billing services are be pay back secrete information about the company can be leaked out by outsourcing employees, even to their competitor and also they do not provide good quality services as most of their staff have demarcationed medical background and all these issues can cause serious damage to the medical practice and finance. However with the introduction of my proposed system, it will result in the overall improvement of the medical billing processes.SignificanceThe proposed project can have great significance on the finance of the hospital and also reduce the work load from the account department. This does not only lim it on the users, but will also be of great help to my studies and my career as well, as it would give me exposure needed in order to develop my skill on PL/SQL, PHP, HTML and RDBMS.OverviewMy proposed web based application is fully focused is being user friendly, simple, but highly accurate at the same time. My program consists of different stages (pages). These can be described as follows.The project will provide a web-based platform where the hospital data entry operator canLogin to the system through the first page of the applicationEnter the ward number for the patient either in the general ward or the ICU.Settle all bills pending to be paid by a patient before the patients discharge.Keep a track of all beds intermeshed / free in both the ward and the ICU.View information of all patients details, their admit time and the amount to be paid.Update the table fields (patient details, the amount to be paid / any rest period remaining, the ward number, the bed number, the registrati on number, case number, etc.) as soon as a new patient is being admitted into the hospital or being discharged from the hospital.REQUIREMENTSSystem requirementThe system requirements gives more details and explain how the user requirements should be provided by the system and can be used as part of the contract for the implementation of the system and should therefore be a complete and consistent spec of the system.(Sommerville, 2007pg.130) Therefore, Due to the record of the project, the system is web base application that interacts with the user (hospital data entry operator and the account department) on client side and all the processing will be carried out on the server side. Therefore, both the client and the Server side have to meet the following minimum requirements.SoftwareUser is leaving to open the web page of the company that will contain the actual application form and then they have to fill it to make an application for the services. meshwork Explorer or any web bro wser.Internet Connection.Data Base -MySQL server/Oracle (Optional)Client-side and Server-side scripting technologiesPHP, ASP.NET, AJAX, Visual basic 6.0WAMP.Security SSL, solidwarePC with Hard disk space more than 1 GB free always for database. (Optional)Minimum memory of 1GB (Optional)Back up running.Literature ViewNew technology creates new opportunities for forward-thinking companies. Higher level of automation, high-speed communications and improved access to information can provide significant benefits to a modernistic business cheek (Paul Boucij, Andrew Greasley, Simon Hickie 2008). Computer technology has highly transformed peoples lives tremendously. This innovation varietys the way of our thinking and the way we perform our day by day activities. Computer-based information systems are at once used to carry out all functions and activities of an organisation. Nowadays, improved innovations are being put in place in other to help a modern business organisation to make mo re efficient and automate business processes. Nevertheless, Medical practices are not left out of this great change. In order to run a medical practice appropriately, medical billing has to be automated. Lets imagine that there is no appropriate medical billing in place. What will happen to the issue of billing in medical practices? Of course, the traditional way of billing will be adopted. Traditional way is doing all the medical billing like sending invoices and generating patients bills manually. This system is good if the medical practice wants to stay small. However, the issue of medical billing is sensitive in hospital management as the hospitals cannot afford losses because of careless billing generated from traditional way of billing.According to Charles Darwin, the prominent scientist of nature, said, It is not the strongest of the species that survive, nor the most intelligent, but the one most responsive to change (Case, 2006 pg 27) The fact about nature is also true in t oday medical practice that works in a fast changing environment. The most efficient and successful hospitals run their finances with modern medical billing software. There is an urgent need to have a good way of managing the billing issue in a medical practice and this issue can only be managed with the help of good billing software. A good billing software is expected to make sure that the billing calculation are done efficiently and accurately. In addition, it is expected to be available to the users on profits so that medical practitioners can be able to have full access to their billing system anywhere in the world. Therefore, a web based medical billing is required.A Web application is a software application that is deployed on the web. It allows users to accomplish a task like obtaining information about the outstanding bills of a patient or any of the many activities possible on the web (Susan, Melanie, Solomon, Benjamin, 2003). The user can view, manipulate and control the software application through a Web browser connected to a web server through a network such as World wide-cut Web. In 1989, CERN (the European Laboratory for Particle Physics in Switzerland) proposed the phylogenesis of the World Wide Web in order to enable high-energy physicists crossways the world to collaborate through the easy provision and accessibility of information (Graham Curtis and David Cobham, 2002 pg 128). Another important aspect of web application is that there is a real-time update of generated content/data and they can be universally accessed via internet/web by the user.However, The effectiveness of any computerised system is dependent on the soundness of its design and this is particularly true for the database application. The importance of database system cannot be overlooked in medical billing system. For most business organisations, information held in databases can often be more valuable than tangible forms of asset, which are accounted for in monetary te rms. To work most effectively for the organisation or company, data stored electronically must be properly managed and protected. (Domanski, peter, Philip, 2000). Thus, a consistence database must be in place in order to avoid inaccurate analyses of stored information, poor bills flow for the hospital and Patient dissatisfaction with the hospital. A web based billing software component comprises the Database Management system and the application programMethodologiesDifferent methodologies can be used for a project. However the appropriate one can increase the chances of better results.I have chosen to use the Unified procedure approach and the reasons areIt concentrates on detailed documentationIt minimises back trackingIt maintains a full constant control on each stage of developmentWe have a clear idea of all the problems during each stage thereby eliminating chance of bigger problems after codingI will get to learn useful tools do design Used case diagramsEnhancing my knowledge of class diagramsStrategic IssuesStrategic issue can be explained as the organisation planning options in addressing crucial business issue, engaging in collaborative decision making.The strategic issue that the school of Technology and Management will benefit from the new system areFor the organisationReduce the amount of paper usage e.g. assignment submission formsReduce the amount of storage usage bellReduce the number of manpower usage costIt will reduce the stress levels of the staffIt save time for staffsFor StudentIt eliminate assignment make costsIt reduce the long queues at the college e.g. during registration or at the registry.It saves time as well for the studentManpower requirementsThe project can be completed within 3 4 months if i work fulltime on it.Milestones and TimelinesNumberMilestone NameMilestone DescriptionTimelineWeek no.from the startof the projectRemarks1Requirements SpecificationComplete specification of the system (with appropriate assumptions) includ ing the framing of transfer policy of the patient between the ward / IBU, the payment / balance to be made by the patient etc constitutes this milestone. A document detailing the same should be written and a presentation on that be made.2-3 get down should be made to add some more relevant functionality other than those that are listed in this document.3Database creationA database of atleast 25 entries of patients with some patients admitted in wards and the remaining in IBU should be entered.5-7It is important to lastize on the database at this stage itself so that development and testing can proceed with the actual database itself.4High-level and Detailed DesignListing down all possible scenarios (like new patient, transfer of a patient between general ward and IBU, some balance remaining to be paid at the time of discharge etc) and then coming up with flow-charts or pseudocode to handle the scenario.7-9The scenarios should map to the requirement specification (i.e., for each req uirement that is specified, a corresponding scenario should be there).5Implementation of the front-end of the systemImplementation of the main screen giving the login, screen that follows the login giving various options, screens for each of the options (shifting of patients, usage of beds).10-12During this milestone period, it would be a good idea for the team (or one person from the team) to start working on a test-plan for the completed system. This test-plan can be updated as and when new scenarios come to mind.6Integrating the front-end with the databaseThe front-end developed in the earlier milestone will now be able to update the database when a patient discharges. In short, the system should be ready for integration testing.12-137Integration TestingThe system should be thoroughly tested by running all the testcases written for the system (from milestone 5).14-15Another 2 weeks should be there to handle any issues found during testing of the system. later on that, the final demo can be arranged.8Final ReviewIssues found during the previous milestone are fixed and the system is ready for the final review.16-18During the final review of the project, it should be checked that all the requirements specified during milestone number 1 are fulfilled (or appropriate reasons given for not fulfilling the same) purge Internet based admission finderhttp//www.buzzle.com/articles/medical-billing-outsourcing.html

Examining The Historical Development Of Criminology Criminology Essay

Examining The Historical Development Of Criminology Criminology EssayAlthough it thither is some debate on the historical development of criminology, there is agreement that by the beginning of the sixties there was a recognisable academic discipline in the form of modern criminology in Britain (Tierney, 2006). Nic Groombrigde (2001 202) defined pathology as an unhealthy deviation from the norm which is rigid in the individual at the level of genes, hormones or psyche. Ultimately this implies shepherds crookity is the result of abnormality i.e. that which is non normal. Criminologists have come up with various theories as to why people commit crime and recommended responses, and this essay will explore whether sadity is pathological with reference to variants of classical, positivist and social constructionist theories. Classical criminology believes the offender is free-willed, sharp-witted and normal, whereas positivist approaches suggests the offender is determined, and path ological. Social constructionist theories suggest the offender is a product of cultural and political influences. The main difference between the three theories is whether or not individuals are rational decision makers or not, i.e. if they are pathological or not.In the eighteenth degree centigrade classical criminology emerged as a response to the cruel forms of punishment that dominated. It was centrally concerned with creating a reformed, efficient system of referee that would better regulate social order in industrial society (Tierney, 2006 50). ii main writers who helped to achieve this were Cesare de Beccaria and Jeremy Bentham. Beccaria wanted punishment to be certain, in order to deter people from committing criminal acts. He also believed that if one was punished pronto they would associate crime with punishment, and that the punishment should be severe enough to deter proximo criminal behaviour (Newburn, 2007 116). Benthams work involved the recreation-pain princip le, so any pleasure to be gained from crime should be outweighed by the pain inflicted in punishment. Classical theory is based on the assumption of free will (i.e. not pathology), with criminal activity beingness the result of rational choice of the individual who is acting on a cost-benefit analysis. The aim of punishment was to make it proportionate to crime in order to deter people from committing criminal acts. At this stage in criminology, the emphasis was on the criminal act rather than the individual committing it, so there was no differentiation between the criminal and the non-criminal. Classical theory has impacted modern criminology massively, with the idea of punishment being proportionate to the criminal act relieve being used by modern criminal justice systems. It also helped capital punishment be abolished, and heightened the awareness for the need for prisons. However, a major lit crit of classicism is the fact that it is normative rather than empirical based on values rather than evidence. It also assumes criminal activity is the result of rational thought, hence it suggests children should be treated in the same carriage as adults, and does not make exceptions for those who are mentally ill or those with learning difficulties (Tierney, 2006).In note to classical criminology, the positivist approach focuses on features within the individual that cause criminal activity i.e. ungodliness is pathological (Newburn, 2007 114). It emerged in the late nineteenth century and claimed to promote the scientific study of society, replacing opinion with empirical evidence and science (Treadwell, 2006 34). Treadwell (2006) also believes positivism in criminology wanted to predict and explain future patterns of social behaviour using secondary data (statistical). It sees crime as pre-determined (and therefore uncontrollable) rather than expressions of free will. Positivism spans biological, psychological and sociological attempts to explain the caus es of crime. unmatched key writer in biological positivism is Cesare Lombroso who suggested a criminal was not made by society but rather born that way (i.e. criminality is pathological). Lombroso even went as far as to say that deviation in head size could be an indicator of criminality an idea straight out discredited (Newburn, 2007). If biological theories are considered along with psychological and sociological theories, then they net help explain criminality. However, on its own, it lacks scientific evidence, and can lead to eugenics proposing the remotion of those who are inferior (e.g. Nazi Germany targeting the disabled, homosexuals (Treadwell, 2006). In psychological positivism, Hans Eysenck was a key thinker, who believed it was possible to chart human personality on three scales extroversion, neuroticism and psychoticsm. hyperbole of traits would lead to anti-social behaviour (Treadwell, 2006). Psychological positivism considers psychology as an explanation for crim inality which includes an individuals reasoning, personality, memory, intelligence etc. Biological and psychological positivism are expedient for the government because they draw attention away from social conditions (Newburn, 2007). Sociological positivism explains criminality with reference to social circumstances and factors external to the individual, so moves away from pathology. bingle use of sociological theory is strain by Robert Merton (1938). He looked at why crime was more(prenominal) prevalent in lower class areas, and ensnare inequality between goals in society (e.g. wealth) and the means to achieve them (e.g. education needed for wealth was not available to everyone). Merton suggested this motivation to achieve goals led to foiling and a motive for criminal activity. Treatment in positivism should be immediate and should fit the needs of the offender.Whereas classical theory looks at the offense, and positivism focuses on the offender, social constructionist the ory looks at the social reaction to deflection. This theory does not suggest pathology is the reason for criminal acts, rather that individuals are responding to being labelled receivable to political and cultural influences (similar to sociological positivism). The theory suggests criminals are created by those with the power to label behaviour as offensive. Emile Durkheim (1895) sums this up by saying that what confers a criminal character is not the intrinsic quality of a given act but that definition which the collective conscience lends them. The object of study is to question why some acts are labelled criminal, while others are not. There is also the question of why some people are more prone to being labelled than others, and the consequences of labelling. Thomas (1928 572) stated that if we define situations as real, they are real in their consequences. Labelling theory emerged in the late 1930s due to the work of dog Tannenbaum on juvenile delinquents where he concluded that delinquents are good children committing bad acts, who are then labelled as bad and continue in that stylus (Newburn, 2007). Another aspect of labelling theory is Mertons self fulfilling prophecy which he described as in the beginning, a false definition of the situation evoking a in the buff behaviour which makes the originally false conception come true (1968 477). Edwin Lemert distinguished between two types of deviance primary and secondary. He stated that primary deviance occurs in a variety of social cultural and psychological contexts, and only has minimal implications for the psychic structure of an individual whereas secondary deviance is behaviour created as a defence to problems created by societal reaction to primary deviance (Lemert, 1967 17). Associated to this idea is that of deviancy amplification which is the idea that ideas that deviancy can be distorted in transmission, and can lead to exaggeration of societal reaction (Newburn, 2007). This reaction has b een termed moral panic, and is summed up by Stan Cohen in Folk Devils and Moral Panics. In this case, society reacted to the dress of the mods and rockers, which in turn segregated them from society resulting in deviance. This view is helpful in determining the response to criminal activity. Punishment should involve diversion away from nix labelling to positive labelling. Reintegrative shaming should be applied, which John Braithwaite defined as reintegrating the offender back into the community through words or gestures of forgiveness (1989 101). A modern example of politics in labelling theory is the recent sacking of David Nutt on the thirtieth of October 2009. He was fired because of a paper he released stating alcohol abuse is more harmful than cannabis taking. Cannabis is an example of deviant behaviour being labelled, and as classification of the drug is always changing, so are the labels of deviant behaviour. Labelling theory has had implications in the criminal justice sy stem. Emphasis has been put on providing young juveniles with social workers, who aim to limit the process of entanglement in the criminal justice system (Newburn, 2007 221). One limitation of the theory is the fact it is not easily tested empirically. There is also the view that labelling can be counter copious with the fear of being labelled being a deterrent to committing criminal acts. This is evidenced by the fact that minor punishments are effective for first clock offenders (Jones, 2003 195)An example of where you could use classical, positivist and social constructionist theories to analyse criminal behaviour is the increase in youth knife crime. In 2008 BBC News reported 30 youths were stabbed in London alone. A classical approach would blame the lack of deterrents for the increase in carrying weapons people are unafraid and the majority get away with it. They would suggest punishing proportionate to the crime. Psychologival positivists would suggest the macho status is appealing the mob mentality. Biological positivists would suggest that the impulse to carry a knife is predetermine in biology, and so educating youths in school would be vital. Sociological positivism would blame the environment, with the poorest being at most risk. The labelling theory would suggest deviancy amplification is at play with a moral panic created about youths. As they are consequently segregated, they carry knifes to fit in with other youths because they are the only assemblage they associated with. The three theories can be used together to help build a bigger picture into why people commit crime.Although the positivists would argue that criminality is pathological, there is also evidence from classicism and social constructionist theories that suggest criminality is the result of different factors, e.g. labelling. It is important to look at individual differences when assessing criminality, and to make the better judgements, a modern criminologist would be advis ed to consider all three of the approaches because although they all have their limitations, they also have great advantages for the criminal justice system. tally to Groombridge (2001), administrative criminology has sought to side-step the issue of pathology within the individual or society but replaces it with the fear or risk of others pathology, which is to be managed. This could explain the dependence on security measures (e.g. CCTV) in todays society to watch others behaviour and devise suitable punishments according to the crime.

Approaches to Health Inequalities

Approaches to health InequalitiesHEALTH INEQUALITIES AND SOCIAL DIVISIONSIntroductionToday, it seems to be an obvious rectitude that social and environmental factors consider for a substantial portion of health inequalities in the midst of and deep down countries.1 The ubiquitous nature of economic and social inequalities is noted by all scholars.2 This is a truth that seems well-enough established both in the professional literature and in the consciences of the laity. The questions that occupy scholars sequence, therefore, have centrally to do with what might be make about such(prenominal) health inequalities and whether social divisions are more the causal origins of the inequalities or whether they are the result.3 As the literature reflects an ongoing investigation into all the matters addressed within this paper, definitive conclusions w mishap have to wait until more is positively settled by the broader research community. But, certainly several pertinent issues send a government agency be explored at this time and the ongoing questions raised.The Realities of Inequality, Poverty and Societal IssuesAs is widely acknowledged, there is a relation surrounded by relative poverty and social issues. Regarding social ways in which it is difficult for those in relative poverty to be like separates around them, it is often found to be difficult for an impoverished person to participate full in the social life of a community or country, which will often lead to feelings of powerlessness.4 Such social issues lead naturally into considerations of health inequality, as those who are impoverished often experience a great lack in education and access to resources normally available to those who are not in a state of relative poverty (e.g., healthcare, clean water, good nutrition, shelter, etc.).5 It has also been noted that these types of relative health inequalities (i.e., between social groups) may be getting worse.6Health InequalitiesThere are at least two ways in which the discussion of health inequality can be broached. First, there can be shown to exist an inequality in healthfulness between classes. That is, one social group exhibits more health than does another, whatever the causal origin of this may be. Regarding the tie-up between a lack of healthfulness and social division, it has been noted that A social class gradient is most pronounced for long-standing illnesses that limit activity.7 That is, such illnesses occur within certain social classes. Second, it is contingent to explore the relation between being socially challenged and not having access to healthcare. This latter issue may be the simplest to pack with as the reasons for it are more readily seen. If one simply does not have access to that which will provide him with health, then clearly inequity between his group and those of another will be readily apparent.What Can Be Done about Access to Health?In their editorial, Jeanette Vega and Alec Irwin explore so me possible responses to such health inequalities. They note that in the past there has been enacted, what might be called a Pro-Poor approach. This takes into account the fact that the poor often simply do not have the means in terms of finance or education to bring it about that they have access to much in the way of health resources or medicine. So, interventionist groups are formed in order to try and ensure that they have some access to medicine and health care. These types of interventionist methods are important, relieve the authors. But, they are inadequate by themselves. First, they only tend to focus on providing access to one type of group, and this is merely an issue of inequity in unfairness. Second, and mayhap more importantly, they do not attempt to address many of the core reasons wherefore such inequalities arise in the first place, which include gender and heathenishity among other reasons.8A more comprehensive approach is both requisite and desirable in the effort to combat health inequalities. More must be done to combat the social divisions that exist, both along monetary lines and other ethnic lines.9 There has been some progress made in a few countries, like Sweden wherein the approach has been comprehensive and on the cooperation between government agencies on high levels. Sweden has developed a national health policy that focuses on what determines health at the societal level. In this model, government agencies work alongside significant social sectors (e.g., education, transportation, environmental protection) and they are all required together to work toward the improving of macrocosm health and narrowing health equity gaps.10 Also, in the United Kingdom recent efforts at accomplishing these same goals have seen success in targeting, not an ethnic or social group, but an age group. That is, collaborative efforts have been engaged which have targeted mothers of children in early education and child care and have move to integ rate these services with those of assistance to families and that of general health.11More to Be Done on the look LevelIn a recent article Stuart Logan asked the alleged(a) question of whether research was still important to be carried out in the area of child health inequality.12 If it is obvious to all, as he argues it is, that the relationship between poverty and poor health has been demonstrated so often and for such a wide range of conditions, then the question naturally arises as to why any such investigative research into the relationship between socioeconomic status and child health should be carried out. Logan believes there are two important reasons that this endeavor is crucial in the overall attempt to over fare health inequalities and social divisions. First, we must continue to advocate for those who cannot advocate for themselves, and children are the first that come to mind in this category. Furthermore, there is simply not a differential in health outcomes between those who are poor and those who are wealthy.13 Secondly, to continue such research may shed light on the crucial area of etiology, which, in medicine, is that branch that attempts to determine the causal origins of disease. An example of this latter would be the putative(prenominal) relation between the age of first pregnancy and the cause of breast cancer later in life.14 Without further research, this suggestion may remain indefinitely putative.Robert Beaglehole agrees with these reasonable suggestions by Logan. Although everyone seems to know the general truth about health inequalities and a correlation with social distinctions, an appropriate response is hampered by our poor apprehensiveness of their underlying causes.15 This is a difficult reality, but it only seeks to illustrate and support the contentions made by Logan with regard to the specific case of child health inequality. Without the halal amount and type of research to be done, it seems difficult to see how this s ituation of inequality might be improved. Without knowing the prior causes that lead to various ill effects among some social classes, there would seem to be no good way of making forward progress in this regard.Concluding ThoughtsAs Beaglehole notes in his book review, health inequalities are plainly offensive. They may be most offensive to those who work in the medical profession who have the know-how and skills necessary to help any and all (if they could only access any and all), but who are frustrated by a lack of governmental efforts to improve the tenacious situation involving a lack of health and access to healthcare. Some steps of various governments (notably in Europe) have been taken to improve the situation, as we have explored soon in this essay. Yet, as the writers of the brief appearing in the World Health Organization note, more strategic planning and (more importantly) implementation on the parts of governments operative alongside various other national organizat ions may go a long way yet toward improving the overall situation of health inequality. Without significant progress in this area, it is likely that social divisions between classes, races, and ethnic groups will persist.BibliographyBeaglehole, Robert. The Challenge of Health Inequalities (book review) in The lancet arch, London, Feb. 18-24, 206, vol. 367, issue 9510, p. 559-60.Poverty and Health. In Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine. Oxford Oxford University Press, 2001.Logan, Stuart. Research and Equity in Child Health. In Pediatrics. Vol. 12, no. 3, Sept. 2003.Vega, Jeanette and Alec Irwin. Tackling Health Inequalities New Approaches in Public Policy. In Bulletin of the World Health Organization (WHO), July 2004, 82 (7).1Footnotes1 Jeanette Vega and Alec Irwin, Tackling Health Inequalities New Approaches in Public Policy, in Bulletin of the World Health Organization (WHO), July 2004, 82 (7).2 Robert Beaglehole, The Challenge of Health Inequalities (book review) in The Lanc et London, Feb. 18-24, 206, vol. 367, issue 9510, p. 559-60.3 Or a third alternative is whether they could be reciprocal-mutually contributing to the origin and subsistence of each other over time.4 Poverty and Health, in Oxford Illustrated Companion to Medicine, (Oxford Oxford University Press, 2001), pp. 665-9.5 Ibid., p. 665.6 Robert Beaglehole, Health Inequalities, p. 559.7 Poverty and Health, p. 665.8 Vega and Irwin, Tackling Health Inequalities, p. 7.9 Ibid.10 Ibid.11 Ibid.12 Stuart Logan, Research and Equity in Child Health, in Pediatrics, vol. 12, no. 3, Sept. 2003, p. 759.13 Ibid.14 Ibid., p. 760.15 Beaglehole, p. 559.

The Sun Also Rises :: essays research papers

Julys People is a story of a white family who experience life as black people would in South Africa at the time. They leave their home and their jobs in the United States and follow their servant, July, to live in an African tribe. The whole time that they are living in Africa they depend on July for survival yet they still treat him as a servant. July wishes that he would be treated more as an equal but besides that he does not mind being their servant as long as he selects paid. The reversal of roles, in this book, does not really wobble people. It is as though they know where they stand with each other and that could never change. The Smales would always be above July, who would always be destined to be their servant no progeny how much their lives depended on him.In the United States the Smales were probably a little more well off than an average family. The father worked as an architect and make sincere money, that is evident because they can afford a servant. They decide t o leave their home and to move to a in the altogether and unfamiliar place. July leads them to his tribe in Africa. The change occurs right there, to the Smales United States is home but to July it is a foreign place, whereas Africa is where July feels at home and the Smales feel like they are on another planet. Being strangers to this new place Smales depend on July for survival. Their inability to Goldenberg 2communicate with the natives and the fact that they are the only whites in a tribe complicates things. They depend on July to get tools, find shelter, and get food among other things. At the same time they dont trust him. They are always suspecting that he is stealing from them, they get upset when he takes the truck with out their permission, they feel like he is trying to cheat them in some way. The Smales were never thought of as being part of the tribe, they stood out, not only because they were white but also because they came from a different culture. July remains thei r servant through out the whole book. Neither of them, July nor the Smales, attempted becoming good friends and working together through the hardships of war. July demands money for everything he does and the Smales expect for him to take care of things.

How John Keats used Symbolism in his Ode to a Grecian Urn Essay

How John Keats used Symbolism in his Ode to a classical UrnJohn Keats was born in 1795 in Moorfields, England. He was the son of a perpetualman who married the owners daughter and eventually inherited the stable for himself. He was fourteen when his mother died of tuberculosis. Having been apprenticed to an apothecary at the age of fifteen, John felt the need to leave medical field to focus primarily poetry. Keatss imagery ranges from all of our physical sensations sight, touch, sound, taste, and sexuality. Keats is one of the most famous for his Odes. Traditionally, the ode is lengthy, serious in subject, elevated in its diction and style, and often elaborate in its stanza structure. Symbolism seems the obvious term for the dominant style which followed nineteenth-century realism (Wellek 251).According to an article found in Jstor journal, written by Vyacgeslav Ivanov, titled, Symbolism, symbols are far from cosmos an invention and convention of mankind, constitute in the univer se, all pulsating with life, a primordial imprint in the very substance of things and, and it were, an occult language by essence of which is achieved a preordained communion of innumerable kindred spirits, no matter how these spirits may differ in their individual modes of existence or whether they belong to polar orders of creation (Ivanov 29). Keats uses symbolism in Ode to a classical Urn to illustrate his love for ancient Greece.Ode to a Grecian Urn was written by John Keats at well-nigh unknown date. The Urn, as Keats described it, was a classical vase, decorated with a frieze of engraved figures in scenes from pastoral life. In reality it was more than any bad-tempered vase which he had seen on his museum excursions with Haydon or Severn. The Grecian Urn represented poetic vision, the timeless, enchanted world into which the artists imagination alone can enter, as say in Robert Gittings and Jo Mantons book titled The Story of John Keats (Gittings and Manton, pg. 148). I n this poem Keats wants to create a world of pure joy, but the world is of accept believed of people living in a moment in time. In an article titled, Thought is sacrificed to sensation in the poetry of John Keats, author Iain Morrison states that be in a frozen or suspended time, they cannot move or cha... ... to know. The beauty lies in the urn. What the imagination seizes as beauty must be truth, as stated by Catherine Owens Peare, author of a book titled John Keats a Portrait in Words. John Keatss Ode on a Grecian Urn was both undeniable and incredible. It was inevitable that he should by now have struggled free of the sonnet with its fourteen-line prejudice to create this ten-line stanza and its two pairs of lines and two sets of triple rhymes, inevitable that in developing his own style he should have resolved his philosophic search at this his period of most superb creativity (Peare, pg. 174).Douglas Wilsons article in Jstor titled Reading the Urn Death in Keatss Arcadia, Like Blakes Mental Traveler and so many other romantic poems, Ode on a Grecian Urn invites the reader into a landscape of consciousness. As S.T. Coleridge puts it, the primary function of the poetic work, like the visual language of painting, is to instill vital force into the mind, which compels the imagination to complete the picture. The odes speaker responding to an imaginary urn conjures up, as part of a mental dram, the underside of a vanished culture that created such urns (Wilson 823).